PH30-MP2
Assess the effects of radioactivity and applications of nuclear technology on society and the environment.

CP, DM, SI

Indicators for this outcome
(a) Research the contributions of women (e.g., Harriet Brooks, Marie Curie, Lise Meitner, Chien-Shiung Wu, Mileva Maric and Ida Noddack) from various cultures to the development of scientific understanding of radioactivity. (STSE)
(b) Identify natural and artificial sources of radiation on Earth and throughout the universe. (K)
(c) Compare the characteristics (e.g., composition, penetrating power, speed and potential danger) of alpha, beta and gamma radiation. (K)
(d) Represent nuclear reactions involving alpha, beta and gamma decay using words, diagrams and equations. (S)
(e) Explain that some isotopes undergo natural radioactive decay, and that half-life is a measure of the rate of radioactive decay. (K)
(f) Assess the short- and long-term implications of radiation on living things, including the effects on different types of tissues and cells. (A, K, STSE)
(g) Discuss how the difficulties in detecting effects of radiation on living things lead to lack of agreement among scientists and others about those effects. (STSE, K)
(h) Describe the characteristics of the weak nuclear force and its role in beta decay. (K, STSE)
(i) Model the process of nuclear fission, including conditions necessary for a chain reaction. (K, S)
(j) Compare the amount and rate of energy released in various man-made fission reactions (e.g., nuclear energy production, nuclear weapons, nuclear propulsion and satellites). (K)
(k) Examine the process of nuclear fusion and the difficulties in harnessing nuclear fusion as an energy source. (K, STSE)
(l) Explain the characteristics of the strong nuclear force and its role in maintaining atomic stability. (K, STSE)
(m) Discuss the importance of mass defect and $e=mc^2$ and why this particular equation has gained such prominence in society. (STSE, A)
(n) Analyze societal and environmental impacts of applications of nuclear technologies such as medical isotopes, food irradiation, smoke detectors, industrial radiography, pesticide tracers, nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors and nuclear waste disposal. (A, STSE)
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