Classify natural and artificial sources of light as incandescence or fluorescence (including phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, and bioluminescent).

Demonstrate that light is a form of energy, that light can be separated into a visible spectrum, and that light travels in straight lines in a uniform transparent medium.

Investigate the properties of shadows, including umbra and penumbra formation, and demonstrate how the existence of shadows provides evidence that light travels in straight lines.

Select appropriate methods and tools and use them safely when collecting data and information to investigate properties of visible light.

Estimate and measure angles of incidence and angles of reflection of visible light and determine the quantitative relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

Investigate characteristics and applications of specular and diffuse reflection, including the absorption of light by surfaces of different colour and made of different materials (e.g., coloured paper, white paper, aluminium foil, mirror, and water).

Describe applications of the laws of reflection in everyday life (e.g., sun dogs, rear view mirror, magician’s tricks, and the ability to see the Moon and other non-luminous bodies).

Describe qualitatively how visible light is refracted when passing from one substance to a substance of a different refractive index.

Predict how light will refract when passing into transparent media with different refractive indices (e.g., water, salt water, plastic, glass, and oil) and conduct an experiment to confirm or refute that prediction.

State a conclusion that explains how evidence gathered supports or refutes a prediction related to the refraction of light through media with different refractive indices.