Model the processes of formation of the three major types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.

Explain how geologists use the fossil record to provide evidence of geological history.

Construct a visual representation of the rock cycle (e.g., formation, weathering, sedimentation, and reformation) and relate this representation to the surface geology of Saskatchewan and Canada.

Develop and use a classification key for rocks based on physical characteristics and method of formation.

Describe examples of mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks.

Differentiate between weathering and erosion, and explain the role of water in each process.

Document the natural surface geological features of the local environment and provide explanations for the origin of those features.

Relate mechanical (e.g., wind and water), chemical (e.g., acid rain and rusting), and biological (e.g., lichens, mosses, and tree roots) weathering processes to the formation of soils.

Collect, with permission, and examine samples of local soils to determine their physical properties (e.g., colour, odour, texture, presence of organic matter, pore size, and air and water holding capacity).

Classify soil samples according to their characteristics (e.g., sand, loam, and clay composition) and research ways to enrich soils for specific uses (e.g., vegetable garden, road building, dam construction, waste management, and sports field).

Identify predominant soil types (e.g., black, dark brown, brown, and grey) and corresponding land uses in Saskatchewan.

Assess environmental and economic impacts of past and current land use practices in Saskatchewan (e.g., agriculture, urban development, recreation, and road construction), and describe intended and unintended consequences of those practices on self, society, and the environment, including soil degradation.